Weighted specific multiple correspondence analysis of eight attitude items answered by the same 3,926 respondents (four residential-schools actions, reconciliation spending, three resentment statements). Dots are response categories; the closer two categories sit, the more the same people chose both. Hollow diamonds are projected onto the space without shaping it.
Part of the Indigenous Survey Questions Explorer, compiled at the Global Justice Lab (Ron Levi): all 465 questions Canadian pollsters have asked about Indigenous issues since 1995. Browse the catalogue · justice institutions in one chart · what has and hasn't been asked.
Method and limits: CES 2021 public microdata (Harvard Dataverse doi:10.7910/DVN/XBZHKC), non-probability online panel (Leger) weighted to census margins with pes21_weight_general_all (the full adult sample, so Indigenous respondents are included at roughly their 5 percent population share; the axes describe the national opinion space, dominated numerically by non-Indigenous respondents); analysis block = respondents receiving the randomized residential-schools module who completed the post-election survey (n=3,926); don't-know responses set passive (specific MCA), so response style cannot pose as substance; categories collapsed as shown in the table; perceived discrimination is projected from the subsample that received that module. Adjusted rates are Benzecri's; raw indicator-matrix rates (22, 13 percent) are reported alongside because the adjustment flatters. Reproduce with run_ces_mca.py in the project repository; coordinates in CES_MCA_Categories.csv. Built 2026-08-04.
| Tag on this page | Catalogue ID | Full question as asked | Response options | Role here |
| TRC calls | CES-002 | Below are some actions that some believe should be taken to respond to those impacted by residential schools. Do you support or oppose the following actions? Accelerate progress on the calls to action from the truth and reconciliation commission. | Strongly oppose (1) / Somewhat oppose (2) / Somewhat support (3) / Strongly support (4) / Don't know (5) | active |
| Grave searches | CES-003 | ...Federal government funding to identify unmarked graves at all former residential schools. | Same 4-point support/oppose + DK | active |
| Cease court actions | CES-004 | ...All governments ceasing court actions against residential school survivors and first nations children. | Same 4-point support/oppose + DK | active |
| Renaming | CES-005 | ...Renaming buildings and institutions that are named for people who built or ran parts of the residential school system. | Same 4-point support/oppose + DK | active |
| Reconciliation spending | CES-001 | How much should the federal government spend on reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples? | Spend less (1) / Spend about the same as now (2) / Spend more (3) / Don't know/Prefer not to answer (4) | active |
| Special favors (resentment) | CES-008 | Irish, Italian, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Aboriginal peoples in Canada should do the same without any special favors. | Strongly disagree (1) / Somewhat disagree (2) / Neither agree nor disagree (3) / Somewhat agree (4) / Strongly agree (5) | active: agreeing is the resentful side |
| Gotten less than deserve | CES-009 | Over the past few years, Aboriginal peoples have gotten less than they deserve. | Same 5-point agree/disagree + DK | active: agreeing is the supportive side |
| Colonialism made it difficult | CES-010 | Generations of colonialism and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for Aboriginal peoples to work their way out of the lower class. | Same 5-point agree/disagree + DK | active: agreeing is the supportive side |
| Discrimination vs Indigenous | CES-006 | How much discrimination is there in Canada against each of the following groups? Indigenous Peoples | A great deal (1) / A lot (2) / A moderate amount (3) / A little (4) / None at all (5) / Don't know (6) | supplementary |
| Thermometer | CES-007 | How do you feel about the following groups? Set the slider to any number from 0 to 100, where 0 means you really dislike the group and 100 means you really like the group. Indigenous peoples | 0-100 continuous slider / Don't know | supplementary |
IDs match the explorer, where each item also carries its full results and source notes. The two reverse-keyed resentment items read supportive when agreed with; the wordings make the directions plain.
| Category | Type | Share | Dim 1 | Dim 2 | Ctr 1 % | Ctr 2 % | Question as asked |
| TRC calls: oppose | active | 13.6% | -1.18 | +0.92 | 5.1 | 5.4 | [CES-002] Below are some actions that some believe should be taken to respond to those impacted by residential schools. Do you support or oppose the following actions? Accelerate progress on the calls to action from the truth and reconciliation commission. |
| TRC calls: somewhat support | active | 34.9% | -0.25 | -0.54 | 0.6 | 4.6 | [CES-002] Below are some actions that some believe should be taken to respond to those impacted by residential schools. Do you support or oppose the following actions? Accelerate progress on the calls to action from the truth and reconciliation commission. |
| TRC calls: strongly support | active | 29.3% | +0.97 | +0.39 | 7.4 | 2.0 | [CES-002] Below are some actions that some believe should be taken to respond to those impacted by residential schools. Do you support or oppose the following actions? Accelerate progress on the calls to action from the truth and reconciliation commission. |
| Grave searches: oppose | active | 18.5% | -1.15 | +0.76 | 6.6 | 4.9 | [CES-003] ...Federal government funding to identify unmarked graves at all former residential schools. |
| Grave searches: somewhat support | active | 34.6% | -0.22 | -0.59 | 0.5 | 5.5 | [CES-003] ...Federal government funding to identify unmarked graves at all former residential schools. |
| Grave searches: strongly support | active | 34.9% | +0.86 | +0.29 | 7.0 | 1.3 | [CES-003] ...Federal government funding to identify unmarked graves at all former residential schools. |
| Cease court actions: oppose | active | 22.9% | -0.41 | +0.18 | 1.0 | 0.3 | [CES-004] ...All governments ceasing court actions against residential school survivors and first nations children. |
| Cease court actions: somewhat support | active | 22.0% | -0.26 | -0.44 | 0.4 | 2.0 | [CES-004] ...All governments ceasing court actions against residential school survivors and first nations children. |
| Cease court actions: strongly support | active | 24.2% | +0.71 | +0.44 | 3.3 | 2.2 | [CES-004] ...All governments ceasing court actions against residential school survivors and first nations children. |
| Renaming: oppose | active | 34.4% | -0.68 | +0.17 | 4.3 | 0.5 | [CES-005] ...Renaming buildings and institutions that are named for people who built or ran parts of the residential school system. |
| Renaming: somewhat support | active | 24.6% | +0.07 | -0.43 | 0.0 | 2.1 | [CES-005] ...Renaming buildings and institutions that are named for people who built or ran parts of the residential school system. |
| Renaming: strongly support | active | 23.1% | +0.94 | +0.41 | 5.5 | 1.8 | [CES-005] ...Renaming buildings and institutions that are named for people who built or ran parts of the residential school system. |
| Reconciliation spending: spend less | active | 22.6% | -1.16 | +0.78 | 8.2 | 6.3 | [CES-001] How much should the federal government spend on reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples? |
| Reconciliation spending: spend same | active | 34.6% | -0.24 | -0.81 | 0.5 | 10.4 | [CES-001] How much should the federal government spend on reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples? |
| Reconciliation spending: spend more | active | 36.4% | +0.88 | +0.19 | 7.7 | 0.6 | [CES-001] How much should the federal government spend on reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples? |
| Special favors (resentment): disagree | active | 38.1% | +0.82 | +0.17 | 6.9 | 0.5 | [CES-008] Irish, Italian, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Aboriginal peoples in Canada should do the same without any special favors. |
| Special favors (resentment): neither | active | 17.4% | -0.12 | -1.32 | 0.1 | 13.9 | [CES-008] Irish, Italian, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Aboriginal peoples in Canada should do the same without any special favors. |
| Special favors (resentment): agree | active | 40.5% | -0.78 | +0.24 | 6.6 | 1.1 | [CES-008] Irish, Italian, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Aboriginal peoples in Canada should do the same without any special favors. |
| Gotten less than deserve: disagree | active | 27.6% | -1.01 | +0.52 | 7.7 | 3.5 | [CES-009] Over the past few years, Aboriginal peoples have gotten less than they deserve. |
| Gotten less than deserve: neither | active | 18.0% | -0.41 | -1.29 | 0.8 | 13.8 | [CES-009] Over the past few years, Aboriginal peoples have gotten less than they deserve. |
| Gotten less than deserve: agree | active | 48.0% | +0.71 | +0.09 | 6.6 | 0.2 | [CES-009] Over the past few years, Aboriginal peoples have gotten less than they deserve. |
| Colonialism made it difficult: disagree | active | 24.6% | -1.02 | +0.56 | 7.0 | 3.5 | [CES-010] Generations of colonialism and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for Aboriginal peoples to work their way out of the lower class. |
| Colonialism made it difficult: neither | active | 16.6% | -0.46 | -1.32 | 0.9 | 13.3 | [CES-010] Generations of colonialism and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for Aboriginal peoples to work their way out of the lower class. |
| Colonialism made it difficult: agree | active | 53.0% | +0.60 | +0.07 | 5.2 | 0.1 | [CES-010] Generations of colonialism and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for Aboriginal peoples to work their way out of the lower class. |
| Discrimination vs Indigenous: great deal | supplementary | 11.0% | +0.74 | +0.25 | [CES-006] How much discrimination is there in Canada against each of the following groups? Indigenous Peoples | ||
| Discrimination vs Indigenous: a lot | supplementary | 13.5% | +0.23 | -0.12 | [CES-006] How much discrimination is there in Canada against each of the following groups? Indigenous Peoples | ||
| Discrimination vs Indigenous: moderate | supplementary | 12.3% | -0.33 | -0.31 | [CES-006] How much discrimination is there in Canada against each of the following groups? Indigenous Peoples | ||
| Discrimination vs Indigenous: little/none | supplementary | 10.6% | -0.73 | +0.01 | [CES-006] How much discrimination is there in Canada against each of the following groups? Indigenous Peoples | ||
| Thermometer 0-24 | supplementary | 5.4% | -1.24 | +0.88 | [CES-007] How do you feel about the following groups? Set the slider to any number from 0 to 100, where 0 means you really dislike the group and 100 means you really like the group. Indigenous peoples | ||
| Thermometer 25-49 | supplementary | 8.7% | -0.83 | +0.12 | [CES-007] How do you feel about the following groups? Set the slider to any number from 0 to 100, where 0 means you really dislike the group and 100 means you really like the group. Indigenous peoples | ||
| Thermometer 50-74 | supplementary | 34.9% | -0.20 | -0.29 | [CES-007] How do you feel about the following groups? Set the slider to any number from 0 to 100, where 0 means you really dislike the group and 100 means you really like the group. Indigenous peoples | ||
| Thermometer 75-100 | supplementary | 41.4% | +0.49 | +0.05 | [CES-007] How do you feel about the following groups? Set the slider to any number from 0 to 100, where 0 means you really dislike the group and 100 means you really like the group. Indigenous peoples | ||
| Party ID: Liberal | supplementary | 26.6% | +0.15 | -0.13 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Party ID: Conservative | supplementary | 24.6% | -0.57 | +0.08 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Party ID: NDP | supplementary | 16.1% | +0.53 | +0.19 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Party ID: Bloc | supplementary | 6.3% | -0.10 | -0.32 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Party ID: Green | supplementary | 3.3% | +0.52 | +0.01 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Party ID: No party ID | supplementary | 11.8% | -0.14 | -0.33 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Education: HS or less | supplementary | 34.2% | -0.10 | -0.17 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Education: College/some uni | supplementary | 39.8% | -0.04 | -0.04 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Education: BA+ | supplementary | 25.9% | +0.10 | -0.03 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Age 18-34 | supplementary | 27.7% | +0.25 | -0.10 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Age 35-54 | supplementary | 32.8% | -0.05 | -0.12 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Age 55+ | supplementary | 39.5% | -0.19 | -0.04 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Man | supplementary | 51.2% | -0.20 | -0.07 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Woman | supplementary | 48.5% | +0.16 | -0.10 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Region: Ontario | supplementary | 37.9% | +0.13 | -0.05 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Region: Quebec | supplementary | 23.0% | -0.10 | -0.18 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Region: West | supplementary | 32.1% | -0.16 | -0.02 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item | ||
| Region: Atlantic | supplementary | 6.9% | +0.04 | -0.17 | CES background variable (party, education, age, gender or region), not a catalogue item |